How Are Religious and Ethical Principles Used in the...

How are religious and ethical principles used in the abortion debate? Abortion has been legal in the United Kingdom since the Abortion Act of 1967, which was further amended in the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act of 1990, lowering the length of pregnancy in which it is legal to have an abortion from 28 weeks to 24 weeks, owing to advances in medicine and a decrease in the age of viability of a foetus. There are four criteria which allow women to have an abortion, as long as they have the consent of two doctors, involving risk to the physical or mental health of the mother or the foetus or mental health of any existing children. In 2004, 95% of abortions in the UK were certified under the statuary ground of risk of injury to the†¦show more content†¦Overall, Thompson’s analogies help to illustrate the pro-choice stance in the abortion debate which is key to religious and ethical principles. On the other hand, the idea that the foetus has the right to life and the mother cannot overrule this is key to Roman Catholic beliefs and pro -life supporters who argue the foetus is an innocent human being and the mother should not have the right to terminate a pregnancy. Not all Christians have the same moral stance in the abortion debate. Firstly, Roman Catholics believe that life begins at conception and therefore, as the Bible says ‘You shall not murder’, abortion is always wrong as it is the murder of an innocent life. Catholics believe in the sanctity of life and that life is sacred and belongs only to God. In the Bible it says ‘Before I formed you in the womb, I knew you, before you were born I set you apart’ and Catholics take this to mean that life is uniquely and divinely ordained even before conception – ‘for you created my inmost being; you knit me together in my mothers womb’ and that each new life is not a potential human being but a human being with potential. The Second Vatican Council ruled that ‘life must be protected with the utmost care from the moment of conception’ and even in extreme situations, such as rape, abortion is never an option. For example, a Roman Catholic Arc hbishop said the abortion of twins carried by a 9-year-old rape victim would mean excommunication forShow MoreRelatedThe Issue Of Abortion : Comparative Views1393 Words   |  6 PagesThe Issue of Abortion: Comparative Views in Judaism and Islam In our present day, physicians and patients alike have concentrated on establishing a set of universal standards to guide clinical decision making. However, these standards ignore the critical role of religion in dealing with such bioethical issues. As abortion continues to turn into a more prominent topic of discussion and debate, it is critical for us to understand these religious belief systems in order to cross over value conflictsRead MoreThe Theory Of Moral Rights Essay1738 Words   |  7 Pagesmorally obligated to provide easy access to abortion clinics and allow their citizens to decide on their reproductive decisions. The country of Brazil will be used to demonstrate how governments in countries with ZIKA are not fulfilling their obligation to their citizens. This essay will discuss the theory of moral rights and claims in relation to the government’s obligations in countries with ZIKA. I will detail the citizen’s moral right/claim to abortions when birth def ects are a possibility in theRead MoreThe Abortion Debate Essay1544 Words   |  7 Pages No matter where you stand on the issue, abortion is a highly debated topic in today’s society. In this essay I will examine both sides of the abortion issue. I will begin with a brief overview of the abortion debate, to include the morality of the situation. Next I will discuss the Pro-Life argument. Lastly I will look at the Pro-Choice view. In the final analysis I will show how utilitarianism, altruism, and situational ethical views apply to abortion. Having in mind the extreme controversy surroundingRead MoreCritically Evaluate Medical Ethics And Legal Issues1263 Words   |  6 Pagesbased on ethical and legal issues to performance their regular duties. However, Medical ethics is not only about avoiding harm to patients. It is rather a norms, values and principles (Ethical theories 2015). Therefore norms, values and principles are intended to govern medical ethical conduct. Ethics is defined as â€Å"a standard of behaviour and a concept of right and wrong beyond what the legal consideration is in any given situation†. In another words medical ethics is a discipline that used to handleRead MoreMedical Ethics And Abortion : A Moral And Ethical Dilemma Essay1662 Words   |  7 PagesMedical Ethics and Abortion Abortion is wrong because it is the murder of a human being. Abortion continues to be a moral and ethical dilemma for all those involved. The American Nurses Association (ANA) Code of Ethics states, â€Å"nurses have the ethical and moral obligation to promote and protect life.† Still, debates continue, opposing the belief of life against the principle of autonomy and a woman’s right to regulate her body. It is disputable that the right to have an abortion is a right to dominateRead MoreMoral Views on Abortion and Euthanasia Essay3100 Words   |  13 PagesMoral Views on Abortion and Euthanasia The argument of the sanctity of life lies at the heart of all ethical debates on embryo experiments, abortion and euthanasia. In 1967, a nationwide debate was instigated in Britain, regarding whether abortion was a violation of the sanctity of life. Pro-life groups were angered by the legalisation of abortion, many believing that abortion was to destroy a sacred gift from God. Pro-choice groups, on the other hand, welcomed theRead MoreEthical Issues in Health2073 Words   |  9 PagesEthical Issues in Health Abortion Abortion is one of the most polarising moral issues in today’s society. It presents an ethical dilemma for many people and especially all healthcare professionals involved. Firstly, this essay will begin by briefly outlining the highly controversial issue of abortion, discuss why this topic draws fierce debate, for and against, and explain the current legal standing in the UK today. It will then move on to explain how different ethical models can be used in relationRead MoreThe Issues That Surround Biomedical Ethics1718 Words   |  7 Pagesissues that surround biomedical ethics in today’s World including Abortion. For many centuries abortion has been told to many that it is morally wrong, but is it really. Furthermore, when is abortion morally wrong, if a woman is raped and decides to get an abortion or if a woman is not ready to became a mother because of her religious background. For many people it is easy to say that abortion is morally and virtually wrong but how can one say that if they have never been in that situation. I thinkRead MoreControl Over Having Children1817 Words   |  7 Pagesunconstitutional to ban abortions except to save the life of the mother. â€Å"The court ruled that the states were forbidden from outlawing or regulating any aspect of abortion performed during the first trimester of pregnancy, could only enact regulations reasonably related to maternal health in the second and third trimesters, and could enact abortion laws protecting the life of the fetus only in the third trimester.† Even after four decades of ruling, abortion and birth control are hot topic debates. This caseRead MoreThe Ethical Debate of Free Contraception and Birth Control2133 Words   |  9 PagesThe Ethical Debate of Free Contraception and Birth Control If you watch or read the news today, you will find that there are many ethical and political issues that plague the United States. Many of these issues involve politicians debating over what is right or wrong for the country. One issue that particularly caught my attention was the huge debate over President Obama’s Health Care Reform Law requiring insurance plans to provide women with free contraception and birth control. The ethical issue

American Dream In Their Eyes Were Watching God - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 624 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/05/26 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: American Dream Essay Their Eyes Were Watching God Essay Did you like this example? In Hurstonrs novel, Their Eyes Were Watching God, Janie, the main character, did not fit into the three communities of North Florida, Eatonville or the Muck. She always seemed to be an outsider in those communities. The quote I choose is Ships at a distance have every manrs wish on board. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "American Dream In Their Eyes Were Watching God" essay for you Create order For some they come in with the tide. For others they sail forever on the horizon, never out of sight, never landing until the Watcher turns his eyes away in resignation, his dreams mocked to death by Time. That is the life of men. Now, women forget all those things they dont want to remember and remember everything they dont want to forget. The dream is the truth. Then they act and do things accordingly. (1.1-2) She gained a sense of power, due to being alienated from those communities and it allowed her to grow. If she would have been an active member in either community, she would not have been able to grow and change into the person she was meant to be. It is assumed this novel takes place around the late 1920rs, due to the historical references in the book. This was a time when blacks and whites were still segregated but everyone still had dreams for their lives, despite color. The love that Janie saught after was jaded by the way Janie was treated by the men in her life. She yearned for respect and equality, while her nanny thought what was best for her was to get married to have financial stability. She at first aimed to please everyone, especially her nanny, but realized that it ultimately did not make her happy. Her American dream was about finding herself and with that came along gaining personal freedom and finding true love. The freedom she found was not in a relationship but in lonesomenss and becoming a widow. This part of the quote, Now, women forget all those things they dont want to remember and remember everything they dont want to forget. The dream is the truth. Then they act and do things accordingly; represents Janiers American Dream by the fact that women can mold themselves from their past into what they want to be. To learn and grow from your experiences make you into the person you are meant to be. Women, especially women of color were supposed to be subservient to men. Janie just wants to be an equal and a free woman that has her our thoughts and dreams. As the novel unfolds Janiers life experiences embodies who she becomes as she has a self-realization. She discovers things about herself she did not know before which shapes her into the woman she was truly meant to be. She realized she could only rely on herself for the love and care she was in so desperate need of and was searching for her whole life. The author shows that men and women have different dreams and goals and that is why many relationships dont work out. The nature of relationships and culture of this time period was what the novel focused on. However, today, relationships should be based on mutual respect and support of each otherrs individual dreams and dreams they have together. To have a dream for happiness and success, and the hope of achieving it is what keeps the dream going for many Americans. Janie earns her freedom and happiness by the end of the novel. Her plight in life was one filled with struggles but she learned from the pain and learned about herself too. The American dream is your own, but you grow and learn things about yourself throughout your journey. Hurston, Zora Neale, et al. Their Eyes Were Watching God. Virago Press, 2018.

Osmosis Concentration Free Essays

OSMOSIS and TONICITY IN POTATO STRIPS The purpose of this experiment was to make observations and conclusions about the ability of cells to adjust to varying chemical concentrations in the environment and to observe the effect of isotonic, hypotonic and hypertonic solutions on cells. Hypothesis If a solution is Hypotonic, then water will move from the beaker into the potato because water outside the cell will be in higher concentration than water inside the cell. If a solution is Hypertonic, then the solution will move into the cell from the beaker and water will move out of the cell into the water because of a difference in concentration. We will write a custom essay sample on Osmosis: Concentration or any similar topic only for you Order Now If a solution is isotonic, then the cells will remain the same because the solution concentration is the same as in the cell. Materials Fresh potato, knife or scalpel, three test tubes, test tube rack, dropper pipette, paper towels, electronic balance, timer, three provided solutions labeled A, B, and C. Procedure Obtain three test tubes and a test tube rack. Label the test tubes A, B, C using a wax pencil. Cut three French fry type strips of potato 7cm in length, no thicker than 5mm. Pat each potato with a paper towel. Measure the initial mass of each strip and record it before putting each in a test tube. Use a dropper pipette to cover the potato strip in test tube A with solution A, the potato strip in test tube B with solution B, and the potato strip in tube C with solution C. Place the tubes in a test tube rack and wait one hour. Remove the strips from the test tubes after one hour and pat dry with a paper towel. Measure the final mass of each strip and record it. 10. Examine each potato strip and observe any changes in texture. Results In Solution A, the potato slice in the water did not change, indicating the solution contained an equal amount of concentration. In Solution B, the potato slice in the water is larger, indicating that more molecules went into the potato than came out, because there was a higher concentration of water outside the potato. The potato slice from Solution C is much smaller indicating that more water molecules came out of the potato than went in because there was a higher concentration of water inside the potato. Conclusion In conclusion, the hypothesis was found to be correct. Solution A was Isotonic because the final mass of the potato slice was 2. 9 as opposed to 2. 8 at initial mass, which basically stayed the same. Solution B was Hypotonic because the initial mass for the potato slice was 3. 3 then expanded and weighed 3. 6 at final mass. Solution C was Hypertonic because the potato slice lost water and became much smaller in which the initial mass was 2. 8 and the final mass weighed in at 2. 2. In all three solutions, water is moving across the membrane to establish equilibrium. Based on the Diffusion-Osmosis Review on page 26, and not knowing the definite solution in each tube I am going to conclude that there was Saline in Solution A 0. 9% Sodium Chloride which makes cells neutral. In Solution B, therewas a small percentage of salt predicting . 9%. In Solution C, salt was higher than . 9%. All had salt in the tubes but different tonicity. The water could go in or out of the potato to equalize the concentration of salt in the solution. Based on this experiment and using this in real life, it taught me that when mixing the intravenous fluid for a patient to make sure only 0. 9 percent of salt is added in order for the saline to be isotonic to the red blood cells. If not, the red blood cells will expand and complications will arise. How to cite Osmosis: Concentration, Essay examples

Special Relativity Essay Research Paper ESPECIALLY 2 free essay sample

Particular Relativity Essay, Research Paper ESPECIALLY # 8230 ; # 8230 ; of Hardy # 8217 ; s Poems as Seen through the characters # 8221 ; is a survey refering Hardy # 8217 ; s capableness of showing sarcasm of state of affairs in his poesy. The analysis deals # 8230 ; www.petra.ac.id/english/petra/studentarea/finalpaper/letters/ sas-7-94.htm # 8211 ; 64k # 8211 ; Cached # 8211 ; Similar pages Poetry term documents and more term documents # 8211 ; examples # 8211 ; 165- # 8230 ; # 8230 ; 5 page analysis of three verse forms that personify objects or exteriorize worlds. The author examines Walt Whitman # 8217 ; s # 8216 ; To A Locomotive In Winter, # 8217 ; Thomas Hardy # 8217 ; s # 8216 ; The # 8230 ; www.getapaper.com/categories/165-013.html # 8211 ; 55k # 8211 ; Cached # 8211 ; Similar pages POEMS OF 1912-13 ( THOMAS HARDY 1840-1928 ) # 8230 ; web pages are intended to assist you in your critical analysis and apprehension of Hardy # 8217 ; s poesy. All of the verse forms occur in Hardy # 8217 ; s aggregation Poems of 1912-13 # 8230 ; www.sunderland.ac.uk/nevicflash/poetcrit/HardyIGR/Hardyfound.htm # 8211 ; 3k # 8211 ; Cached # 8211 ; Similar pages THOMAS HARDY AND THE MAYOR OF CASTERBRIDGE # 8230 ; by Thomas Hardy # 8217 ; s from Project Bartleby ; Thomas Hardy Poems from the Poetry Archive ; Analysis of Thomas Hardy # 8217 ; s The Convergence of the Twain ; Review of Novel ; # 8230 ; www.geoc ities.com/Athens/Oracle/3211/hardy.html – 12k – Cached – Similar pages ChuckIII # 8217 ; s College Resources # 8211 ; Poetry # 8211 ; Thamas Hardys, The # 8230 ; # 8230 ; break midway through the verse form. Unlike most poets who keep their verse forms in chronological order to keep suspense throughout the verse form, Hardy believed that # 8230 ; World Wide Web. *.com/Reports/Poetry/Thamas_Hardys__The_Convergeance_of_Twain.shtml # 8211 ; 15k # 8211 ; Cached # 8211 ; Similar pages Research documents and research documents on Poetry # 8211 ; 165-011 # 8230 ; 5 page analysis of three verse forms that personify objects or exteriorize worlds. The author examines Walt Whitman # 8217 ; s # 8216 ; To A Locomotive In Winter, # 8217 ; Thomas Hardy # 8217 ; s # 8216 ; The # 8230 ; www.dontcopy.com/categories/165-011.html # 8211 ; 46k # 8211 ; Cached # 8211 ; Similar pages Result Page: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Following Search within consequences New! Get the Google Toolbar for your browser: Try your question on: AltaVista Deja Excite HotBot Infoseek Lycos Yahoo! Google Web Directory # 8211 ; Cool Jobs # 8211 ; Advertise with Us! # 8211 ; Add Google to your Site # 8211 ; Google in your Language # 8211 ; All About Google ? 2001 Google

Hassan and Amir The Relations, which Touch the Soul

Working Capital Essays

Working Capital Essays Working Capital Essay Working Capital Essay Tw elfth Edition INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS Environments and Operations John D. Daniels University of Miami Lee H. Radebaugh Brigham Young University Daniel P. Sullivan University of Delaware Pearson Education International Contents Preface 29 About the Authors PART ONE 39 BACKGROUND FOR INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS 44 1 Globalization and International Business 45 49 44 CASE: The Global Playground Introduction 48 W h a t Is International Business7. The Forces Driving Globalization 50 Factors in Increased Globalization 51 Whats Wrong with Globalization? 56 Threats to National Sovereignty 56 Economic Growth and Environmental Stress 57 Growing Income Inequality 57 s | Point ^J3ffi^S^^3 Offshoring Good Strategy? 58 Why Companies Engage in InternationaLBusiness Expanding Sales 60 , Acquiring Resources 60 Minimizing Risk 60 60 Modes of Operations in International Business Merchandise Exports and Imports 62 Service Exports and Imports 62 Investments 63 Types of International Organizations 63 Why International Business Differs from Domestic Business 64 Physical and Social Factors 65 The Competitive Environment 67 Looking to the Future: 61 Three Ways of Looking at Globalization 68 C A S E : Carnival Cruise Lines: Exploiting a Sea of Global Opportunity 69 74 Summary Key Terms 75 Endnotes 75 An Atlas 78 Map Index 86 Contents 2 PART TWO COMPARATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL FRAMEWORKS 90 91 90 The Cultural Environments Facing Business 94 95 C A S E : The Java Lounge- Adjusting to Saudi Arabian Culture Introduction The People Factor Cultural Awareness 96 97 A Little Learning Goes a Long Way The Nation as a Point of Reference How Cultures Form and Change The Idea of a Nation: Delineating Cultures 98 99 98 Language as Both a Diffuser and Stabilizer of Culture 100 103 Does Geography Matter? Where Birds of a Feather Flock Together Religion as a Cultural Stabilizer 104 Behavioral Practices Affecting Business 106 Issues in Social Stratification 106 Work Motivation 109 Relationship Preferences I II Risk-Taking Behavior I 12 Information and Task Processing I 13 Communications I 15 Dealing with Cultural Differences Accommodation I 18 118 Cultural Distance: Usefulness and Limitations I 19 Culture Shock 119 Company and Management Orientations 121 [ P o j n t B f f l J H ^ f f l Does International Business Lead to Cultural Imperialism? Strategies for Instituting Change 125 127 Looking to the Future: What Will Happen to National Cultures? C A S E : Charles Martin in Uganda: What to Do When a Manager Goes Native 128 123 Summary Key Terms Endnotes 132 133 133 3 The Political and Legal Environments Facing Business 137 136 C A S E : China- Legal Growing Pains in a Land of Opportunity Introduction 141 The Political Environment 142 143 Individualism Versus Collectivism Political Ideology 144 Trends in Political Systems 150 Contents Looking to the Future: What Might Become of Democracy? Political Risk 154 153 156 J | Point | g ^ | ^ ^ ^ j 3 Should Political Risk Management Be an Active Strategy? The Legal Environment 157 Legal Systems 158 Types of Legal Systems 158 The Diffusion of Legal Systems 159 Trends in Legal Systems 160 Understanding Bases of Rule 161 Implications for Managers 162 Legal Issues in International Business Operational Concerns 164 Strategic Concerns 166 Intellectual Property Rights 168 164 C A S E : Crime That Pays (and Pretty Well, Too) Summary Key Terms Endnotes 177 178 178 172 4 The Economic Environments Facing Businesses 184 186 180 181 C A S E : Economic Conundrums and the Comeback of Emerging Economies Introduction International Economic Analysis Elements of the Economic Environment Gross National Income 187 Features of an Economy 196 Inflation 196 197 199 Unemployment Debt 198 Income Distribution Poverty 200 Labor Costs Productivity 201 202 202 187 The Balance of Payments | Point |[emailprotected]Â §3^^fl Is a Trade Deficit an Advantage? Integrating Economic Analysis 206 Types of Economic Systems 206 Economic Freedom and Market Transitions Making the Transition to a Market Economy Looking to the Future: C A S E : Meet the BRICs Summary 222 204 209 21 I Is There a Move to Push Back Economic Freedom? 216 218 Contents Key Terms Endnotes 223 223 5 Globalization and Society 230 231 232 226 227 C A S E : Ecomagination and the Global Greening of GE Introduction Evaluating the Impact of FDI Considering the Logic of FDI The Economic Impact of the M N E 234 Balance-of-Payments Effects 234 Growth and Employment Effects 236 The Foundations of Ethical Behavior 237 Why Do Companies Care About Ethical Behavior? 237 The Cultural Foundations of Ethical Behavior 238 The Legal Foundations of Ethical Behavior 240 Ethics and Corporate Bribery 241 Corruption and Bribery 241 | Point | j E B 5 E ^ f f l Are Top Managers Responsible When Corruption Is Afoot? 44 Ethics and the Environment What Is Sustainability? Looking to the Future: 246 246 246 248 249 Global Warming and the Kyoto Protocol Ethical Dilemmas and Business Practices How to See the Trees in the Rain Forest Ethical Dilemmas and the Pharmaceutical Industry 249 Ethical Dimensions of Labor Conditions 251 Corporate Codes of Ethics: How Should a Company Behave? 254 C A S E : Anglo American PLC in South Africa: What Do You Do When Costs Reach Epidemic Proportions? 256 Summary Key Terms Endnotes 260 261 261 THEORIES AND INSTITUTIONS: TRADE AND INVESTMENT 264 PART THREE International Trade and Factor-Mobility Theory 268 264 265 C A S E : Costa Rica: Using Foreign Trade to Trade-Up Economically Introduction Laissez-Faire Versus Interventionist Approaches to Exports and Imports 269 Theories of Trade Patterns 269 Contents Interventionist Theories Mercantilism 270 Free Trade Theories 271 270 Theory of Absolute Advantage 272 Theory of Comparative Advantage 274 Theories of Specialization: Some Assumptions and Limitations 276 Trade Patterns Theories 278 279 284 How Much Does a Country Trade? 278 What Types of Products Does a Country Trade? With Whom Do Countries Trade? Does Geography Matter? The Statics and Dynamics of Trade Product Life Cycle (PLC) Theory The Porter Diamond 287 282 285 285 Variety Is the Spice of Life | Point |g^^^J35flfl Should Nations Use Strategic Trade Policies? 289 Factor-Mobility Theory 291 292 293 295 298 299 Why Production Factors Move Effects of Factor Movements Looking to the Future: Summary Key Terms Endnotes 302 304 304 The Relationship Between Trade and Factor Mobility C A S E : LUKOIL: Trade Strategy atja Privatized Exporter J In What Direction Will Trade Winds Blow? 7 Governmental Influence on Trade 06 C A S E : Making the Emperors (and Everyone Elses) New Clothes: Textile and Clothing Trade 307 Introduction 310 Conflicting Results of Trade Policies 311 The Role of Stakeholders 31 I Economic Rationales for Governmental Intervention Fighting Unemployment 312 Protecting Infant Industries 313 Developing an Industrial Base 314 Economic Relationships with Other Countries 316 Noneconomic Rati onales for Government Intervention Maintaining Essential Industries 319 Preventing Shipments to Unfriendly Countries 319 ^ Â § j t ^ ^ 3 Should Governments Forgo Trade Sanctions? Maintaining or Extending Spheres of Influence Preserving National Identity 321 321 311 319 320 10 Contents Instruments of Trade Control Tariffs 322 321 Nontariff Barriers: Direct Price Influences 323 Nontariff Barriers: Quantity Controls 325 Dealing with Governmental Trade Influences Tactics for Dealing with Import Competition Looking to the Future: 328 329 330 Dynamics and Complexity C A S E : U. S. -Cuban Trade: When Does a Cold War Strategy Become a Cold War Relic? 330 Summary Key Terms Endnotes 333 334 334 8 Cross-National Cooperation and Agreements 337 340 340 339 336 C A S E : Toyotas European Drive Introduction The World Trade Organization (WTO) GATT: The Predecessor to the W T O What Does the W T O Do? 341 The Rise of Bilateral Agreements 342 Regional Economic Integration 343 The Effects of Integration 344 Major Regional Trading Groups 345 The European Union 346 351 356 The NorthAmerican Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) Regional Economic Integration in the Americas | Point U B I I H H B I Is CAFTA-DR a Good Idea? 359 Regional Economic Integration in Asia 360 Regional Economic Integration in Africa Looking to the Future: 362 Will the WTO Overcome Bilateral and Regional Integration Efforts? 63 Other Forms of International Cooperation 364 Commodity Agreements Consumers and Producers C A S E : Wal-Mart Goes South Summary 370 365 366 366 366 367 Commodities and the World Economy The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) Key Terms Endnotes 371 371 Contents 11 9 PART FOUR WORLD FINANCIAL ENVIRONMENT 374 374 Global Foreign-Exchange Markets CASE: Going Down to the Wire in the Money-Tran sfer Market Introduction 377 W h a t Is Foreign Exchange? 377 375 Players on the Foreign-Exchange Market Does Geography Matter? 378 378 382 Some Aspects of the Foreign-Exchange Market Major Foreign-Exchange Markets The Spot Market 383 The Forward Market 387 Options 388 Futures 388 383 Foreign-Exchange Trades The Foreign-Exchange Trading Process Banks and Exchanges Looking to the Future: 390 388 392 Where Are Foreign-Exchange Markets Headed? 394 How Companies Use Foreign Exchange 393 Business Purposes (I): Cash Flow Aspects of Imports and Exports Business Purposes (II): Other Financial Flows C A S E : Banking on Argentina Summary Key Terms Endnotes 402 403 404 398 395 396 | Point | { | j f l j ^ ; g f i 3 Is It Ok to Speculate on Currency? 0 The Determination of Exchange Rates C A S E : El Salvador Adopts the U. S. Dollar Introduction 409 407 406 The International Monetary Fund 410 Origin and Objectives 410 The IMF Today 410 Evolution to Floating Exchange Rates 41 I Exchange-Rate Arrangements Fixed Versus Flexible Currencies 412 414 416 Exchange Arrangements with No Separate Legal Tender Currency Board Arrangements 416 Co nventional Fixed-Peg Arrangements 416 416 Pegged Exchanges Rates Within Horizontal Bands More Flexible Arrangements 417 12 Contents Exchange Rates: The Bottom Line The Euro 419 417 421 ^3fflB Should Africa Develop a Common Currency? Determining Exchange Rates 423 Nonintervention: Currency in a Floating-Rate World 423 Intervention: Currency in a Fixed-Rate or Managed-Floating-Rate World The Role of Central Banks 424 Black Markets 428 Foreign-Exchange Convertibility and Controls 428 Exchange Rates and Purchasing Power Parity 429 Exchange Rates and Interest Rates 432 Other Factors in Exchange-Rate Determination 432 Forecasting Exchange-Rate Movements Fundamental and Technical Forecasting Factors to Monitor 435 433 433 436 24 Business Implications of Exchange-Rate Changes Marketing Decisions 436 Production Decisions 436 Financial Decisions 436 Looking to the Future: In Which Direction Is Exchange-Rate Flexibility Headed? 437 438 C A S E : The Chinese Yuan: Be Careful of the Dragons Tail Summary Key Terms Endnotes 442 443 444 PART FIVE GLOBAL STRATEGY, STRUCTURE, A N D IMPLEMENTATION 446 11 The Strategy of International Business CASE: Value Creation in the Global Apparel Industry Introduction 451 Industry, Strategy, and Firm Performance 452 446 47 Industry Organization Paradigm Leading Strategy Perspectives The Idea of Industry Structure: The Five-Forces Model 454 Industry Change 455 Strategy and Value 456 CreatingValue 457 The Firm as Value Chain 457 What Is the Value Chain? 458 Using the Value Chain 459 Change and the Value Chain 468 453 Contents 13 Are Value Chains Real? 469 470 Global Integration Versus Local Responsiveness Pressures for Global Integration 470 Pressures for Local Responsiveness 472 When Pressures Interact 473 Types of Strategy 474 474 475 477 479 481 International Strategy Multidomestic Strategy Global Strategy 476 Transnational Strategy Looking to the Future: Summary Key Terms Endnotes 484 485 485 Whats New in the World of Strategy Types? C A S E : The Globalization of eBay 12 Country Evaluation and Selection Introduction 493 494 494 494 488 489 C A S E : Carrefour: Finding Retail Space in All the Right Places How Does Scanning Work? Managing the Alternatives Scanning Versus Detailed Analysis Opportunities Risks 501 Does Geography Matter? 496 What Information Is Important in Scanning? 496 Dont Fool with Mother Nature 508 504 Collecting and Analyzing Data 507 Some Problems with Research Results and Data External Sources of Information Internally Generated Data | Point | g ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ 3 510 509 Should Companies Forgo Investment in Violent Areas? 51 I Country Comparison Tools Grids 512 Matrices 513 Allocating Among Locations 512 515 516 Alternative Gradual Commitments 515 Geographic Diversification Versus Concentration Reinvestment Versus Harvesting 518 Noncomparative Decision Making Looking to the Future: CASE: FDI in South Africa 521 519 520 Will Prime Locations Change? 14 Contents Summary Key Terms Endnotes 524 525 525 13 Export and Import Strategies Introduction 532 Exporting and Importing 528 529 C A S E : Grieve- A Small-Business Export Strategy 533 Export Strategy 534 Advantages to Consider 534 Questions to Ask 535 Strategic Advantages of Exporting 535 Characteristics of Exporters 536 Stages of Export Development 537 Pitfalls of Exporting 538 Designing an Export Strategy 539 Import Strategy 543 543 Types of Importers 543 Strategic Advantages of Imports The Import Process Import Brokers Customs Agencies 44 544 545 546 Looking to the Future: The Technology of Trade Import Documentation 548 The Export Process Indirect Selling Direct Selling 548 548 551 553 | Point | g ^ ^ Â § f l 8 ^ ^ A Dirty Dilemma: Exporting Hazardous Waste Export Documentation 554 Sources of Regulatory Assistance 556 Foreign Freight Forwarders 558 Countertrade Summary Key Terms Endnotes 559 561 C A S E : A Little Electronic Magic atAlibaba. com 5 64 565 565 14 Direct Investment and Collaborative Strategies C A S E : The Fizz Biz: Coca-Cola Introduction 572 569 568 Why Exporting May Not Be Feasible When Its Cheaper to Produce Abroad 573 574 Contents When Transportation Costs Too Much 575 When Domestic Capacity Isnt Enough 575 When Products and Services Need Altering 575 When Trade Restrictions Hinder Imports 576 When Country of Origin Becomes an Issue 576 Noncollaborative Foreign Equity Arrangements Taking Control: Foreign Direct Investment How to Make FDI 578 577 576 15 Why Companies Collaborate 579 Alliance Types 579 General Motives for Collaborative Arrangements 580 International Motives for Collaborative Arrangements 582 Types of Collaborative Arrangements 583 583 584 Some Considerations in Collaborative Arrangements Licensing 586 Franchising 587 Management Contracts 588 Turnkey Operations 589 JointVentures 590 Equity Alliances 591 Problems w i t h Collaborative Arrangements Relative Importance 592 Divergent Objectives 593 Questions of Control 593 , Comparative Contributions and Appropriations Culture Clashes 595 592 | Point j j f l j m ^ j ^ f f l Should Countries Limit Foreign Control of Key Industries? 594 Managing Foreign Arrangements Finding Compatible Partners Negotiating the Arrangement Drawing Up the Contract Assessing Performance Looking to the Future: Summary Key Terms Endnotes 603 604 605 95 596 597 598 Dynamics of Collaborative Arrangements 598 599 599 600 Why Innovation Breeds Collaboration C A S E : Getting Airline Alliances Off the Ground 15 The Organization of International Business C A S E : Organizing People. Values, and Environment at Johnson Johnson 609 608 Introduction 614 16 Contents Change: The Critical Factor Organization Structure 617 614 617 618 620 a* Organizing Todays International Business Vertical Differentiation: Centralization Versus Decentralization Horizontal Differentiation: The Design of the Formal Structure Contemporary Structures 624 | Point IgEfl^^^Sffl Hierarchies or Hyperarchies? Coordination and Control Systems Coordination Systems 629 Control Systems 632 629 628 Organization Culture Challenges and Pitfalls Looking to the Future: Summary Key Terms Endnotes 644 645 645 635 635 638 639 640 637 The Importance of Culture Organization Culture and Strategy The Role and Rise of Corporate Universities C A S E : Infosys: The Search for the Best and the Brightest PART SIX MANAGING INTERNATIONAL OPERATIONS 648 649 648 16 Marketing Globally C A S E : Avon Calls on Foreign Markets Introduction 654 Marketing Strategies 655 657 Marketing Orientations 655 Segmenting and Targeting Markets Product Policies 659 659 Why Firms Alter Products []PoIrTtJ3BffiHEffl Should Home Governments Regulate Their Companies Marketing in Developing Countries? 660 Alteration Costs 663 The Product Line: Extent and Mix 664 Pricing Strategies 664 664 Potential Obstacles in International Pricing Promotion Strategies 669 The Push-Pull Mix 669 Some Problems in International Promotion 670 673 Branding Strategies 672 Worldwide Brand Versus Local Brands Contents 17 Distribution Strategies 674 675 Does Geography Matter? Is Necessity the Mother of Invention? Deciding Whether to Standardize 676 Choosing Distributors and Channels 676 The Challenge of Getting Distribution Hidden Costs in Distribution E-Commerce and the Internet 678 679 677 Managing the Marketing Mix Gap Analysis 680 Looking to the Future: 680 Marketing to the Haves, the Have-Nots (and the Have-Somes) 682 CASE: Tommy Hilfiger: Clothes Make the Man and Vice Versa Summary 686 Key Terms 687 Endnotes 687 683 17 Global Manufacturing and Supply Chain Management C A S E : Samsonites Global Supply Chain Introduction 694 695 What Is Supply Chain Management? 691 690 Global Manufacturing Strategies 696 696 Four Key Factors in Manufacturing Strategy Information Technology and Global Supply Chain Management Information Technology 701 Quality 703 Zero Defects Versus Acceptable Quality Level The Deming Approach to Quality Management Total Quality Management (TQM) 704 Six Sigma 705 Quality Standards 705 703 704 700 Supplier Networks Global Sourcing 707 708 709 710 710 Major Sourcing Configurations The Make or Buy Decision | Point | g f f l f l 3 ^ f f l Should Firms Outsource Innovation? Supplier Relations 712 The Purchasing Function 713 Inventory Management 15 715 Lean Manufacturing and Just-in-Time Systems Foreign Trade Zones 716 Transportation Networks 717 18 Contents Looking to the Future: Summary Key Terms Endnotes 724 724 725 Uncertainty and the Global Supply Chain 718 717 C A S E : Ventus and Business Process Outsourcing 18 International Accounting Issues C A S E : Parmalat: Europes Enron Introduction 733 729 728 The Crossroads of Accounting an d Finance 733 Accounting for International Differences Accounting Objectives 737 Factors in International Accounting Practices Cultural Differences in Accounting 739 Classifying Accounting Systems 741 36 738 International Standards and Global Convergence 744 748 | Point |Â «piffiffJHBfffil Should U. S. Companies Be Allowed to Close the GAAP? Transactions in Foreign Currencies Recording Transactions 749 749 750 Translating Foreign-Currency Financial Statements Translation Methods 750 Management Accounting Issues 753 756 Performance Evaluation and Control 753 Transfer Pricing and Performance Evaluation The Balanced Scorecard 757 Corporate Governance 758 759 External Control Mechanisms:The Legal System Internal Control Mechanisms 759 Looking to the Future: Will IFRS Become the Global Accounting Standard? 760 761 C A S E : Ericsson: The Challenges of Listing on Global Capital Markets and the Move to Adopt International Financial Reporting Standards Summary 766 Key Terms Endnotes 767 767 19 The Multinational Finance Function Introduction 774 770 771 C A S E : GPS: In the Market for an Effective Hedging Strategy? The Finance Function 774 The Role of the CFO 775 Contents 19 Capital Structure 776 776 Leveraging Debt Financing 776 Factors Affecting the Choice of Capital Structure Debt Markets as Means of Expansion 778 Global Capital Markets 778 778 781 Eurocurrencies and the Eurocurrency Market International Bonds 780 Equity Securities and the Euroequity Market The Size of Global Stock Markets 782 Offshore Financing and Offshore Financial Centers Whats an OFC? 784 Counterpoint 784 Should Offshore Financial Centers and Aggressive Tax Practices Be Eliminated? 786 Capital Budgeting in a Global Context 787 Methods of Capital Budgeting 788 Complications in Capital Budgeting 788 Internal Sources of Funds 789 Global Cash Management 790 Foreign-Exchange Risk Management 792 Types of Exposure 92 Exposure-Management Stratgey, 794 Taxation of Foreign-Source Income International Tax Practices 798 800 803 804 805 Taxing Branches and Subsidiaries Transfer Prices 803 Double Taxation and Tax Credit Looking to the Future: Summary Key Terms Endnotes 809 810 810 797 Technology and Cash Flows C A S E : Dell Mercosur: Getting Real in Brazil 20 Human Resource Management CASE: Go Or No Go: Your Career? 813 Introduction 8 17 What Is HRM? 817 The Strategic Function of International HRM Strategizing HRM 819 812 818 Developing Staffing Policies Managing Expatriates 826 Selecting Expatriates Expatriate Failure Training Expatriates 827 828 829 821 20 Contents Learning a Foreign Language- Still Useful? Compensating Expatriates Repatriating Expatriates International Labor Relations How Labor Looks at the MNE 832 836 839 ~840 842 83 I How Labor Responds to the MNE Looking to the Future: The Labor Struggle: Barriers to International Unanimity 843 Which Countries Will Have the Jobs of the Future? 845 Trends in MNE-Labor Relations 845 847 C A S E : Tel-Comm-Tek (TCT) Summary Key Terms Endnotes Glossary Photo Credits Name Index Subject Index 851 853 853 857 873 875 879 887 Company Index and Trademarks

Pay plays a crucial role in motivating people at work. How far do you Essay

Pay plays a crucial role in motivating people at work. How far do you agree, or disagree, with this statement - Essay Example It is all very well to say that money does not matter. Actually it matters unless an individual is living in an island like Robinson Crusoe. If the person has to live in a society, with the ordinary requirements that other people have, he need to have money to have a roof over his head, to feed his family and to fulfil his and their desires and necessities. Hence, it is not possible for any person to live without money and not to appreciate its power over humans. There is nothing wrong in assuming that the most significant place at work is taken by the pay. Without pay no worker would work, unless it is a part time kind of work for charity in which he believes. Even then, he has to earn his living and no charity worker can do voluntary work full time, unless he has some other adequate income coming in. There is an important place for the pay at work and there exists a belief that pay could motivate people at work. I agree with the statement to some extent, but not fully. There are areas like Sales, where keeping people motivated without pay and incentives could be difficult. But it need not apply everywhere. Pay definitely is the source of motivation to do better work and this perhaps depends on the kind of motivation the worker is looking for. No doubt, there is an enormous impact when the minimum wage is increased; but motivation could be connected to many needs and desires. MOTIVATION "Motivation is the force that energises, directs and sustains behaviour" http://community.ocr.org.uk/core/community/public/download_filerid=202 Motivation is connected to Reinforcement Theory, Need Theory and Cognitive theories. Reinforcement could be different things to different people and cannot be applied to all. Need theory has fallen short of expectations and cannot be applied everywhere. "Research has not found much support for the theory and application of the theory to motivate workers in the workplace has fallen short of expectations. The main asset of Maslow's theory is its humanistic appeal: it projects the idea that many human needs are bound up with work, not just the need for a pay cheque as earlier theorists proposed," (ibid). But according to cognitive theories like Equity Theory, etc., workers are motivated by a desire to be treated equitably and fairly, but research shows that this too cannot be a measuring stick. Hence, motivation cannot be generalised easily, because one person's motivation need not be another person's. At the same time, it has to be connected with the organisational behaviour. Organisat ional behaviour is usually a collective behaviour and not an individual one. Just like motivation, organisational behaviour cannot be generalised, because every organisation is unique and the behaviour changes according to the organisation in which the worker is working. As the worker is always a small part of the team, his behaviour will be more of one in the crowd, and not highly individualistic. IMPORTANCE OF SALARY Pay influences people individually and collectively both. Pay perhaps is the most motivating of all the perks, with position following it closely. Money definitely motivates people to a very large extent at work. After all, people work for money and to collect wealth which provides security in life. In addition, it is the visible form of appreciation and the means of saying that his work is worth a lot for the organisation. It gives the